Lesson 7  WORD FORM<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

Theoretical Background

오늘은 word form의 문제들에 대해 알아 보도록 하겠습니다. 이 word form 문제는 올바른 단어의 form이 올바른 자리에 위치하고 있는지를 물어보는 것입니다. TOEFL시험의 Written Expression Section에서는 가장 많이 출제되는 형태인 만큼 철저하게 준비를 해 놓아야 겠습니다. 출제되는 비율로 보면 형용사와 부사의 위치를 물어보는 것이 가장 많고 그리고 명사와 동사의 위치를 물어 보는 것들이 출제 됩니다.

Solution Shield.

Lexical Adjectives

먼저 형용사들의 위치에 대해 알아 보도록 하겠습니다. 형용사는 문장에서 주로 두 가지의 자리에 들어간다고 보면 되겠습니다.

1.       명사의 앞 (Attributive position)

거의 모든 형용사들은 명사의 앞에 위치한다고 보면 무리가 없을 듯 합니다.

Cf) Adjectives used only in attributive position:

l        live(not dead),

l        intensifying adjectives(mere, sheer, bloody)

l        material adjectives (wooden, woolen. earthen, golden, etc),

l        comparative adjectives (inner, outer, lower, latter, major, minor, elder)

2. 2형식 동사의 뒤 (After ‘copular’ verbs : Predicative position)

몇몇 동사들은 형용사를 보어로 취하는 데, 이때는 형용사가 그 동사의 뒤에 위치하게 됩니다.

1)     A-로 시작한 형용사들과 몇 가지 특별한 형용사들

Afloat, afraid, alight, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake…등은 반드시 동사의 뒤에만 나와야 합니다. 그리고, well (healthy or fit) / ill (sick)등의 형용사들도 동사의 뒤에 나타나야만 합니다.

2)     단위와 함께 쓰이는 expression of measurement

25 years old, ten miles long, 7 feet tall 등과 같이 단위와 함께, 길이, 나이, 부피, 높이를 나타낼 때에는 반드시 형용사를 단위를 나타내는 명사 뒷편에 위치 시켜야 합니다.

3)     –thing, -body, -where 등으로 끝난 명사들은 전치 수식을 받지 않기 때문에 항상 형용사를 뒤에다가 위치 시켜야 합니다.

 EX) something cold / somebody beautiful / somewhere decent

4)     뒤에 후치어구를 달고 다니는 경우

앞에서 많이 살펴 본 바와 같이 형용사들이 that clause, to infinitives, 전치사구를 함께 달고 나오는 경우가 많은데, 그러한 경우는 전치수식이 불가능하고 반드시 동사 뒤로 후치 시켜서 써야 합니다.

Linking Verbs (Copular Verbs).

Type 1) –인 상태로 있다 : be, remain, sit, lie, prove, keep, stay….

Type 2) –인 상태로 되다 : become, get, grow, run, go, turn, fall, come….

Type 3) –인 상태로 보이다 : look, seem, appear

Type 4) 지각 동사 : sound, smell, taste, feel….

Lexical Adverbs.

일반적으로 부사는 문장이 시작하기 전의 콤마 앞 쪽, 그리고 문장이 다 끝나고 난 뒤쪽에 위치 합니다. 그러나 문장 내의 형용사, 동사, 그리고 다른 부사를 수식하기 위해서 문장 안으로 들어 가기도 하죠. 그러나, 몇몇 경우는 문장 중간에 부사의 의미가 꼭 필요 할 경우는 자리에 관계없이 들어 오기도 합니다.

EX) She at once realized her mistake

    I very much enjoy skiing.

    We were quite often invited to parties at the weekends.

그리고 어떠한 경우에도 타동사와 목적어 사이에는 절대로 동사를 써서는 안됩니다.

위와 같이 항상 부사는 타동사의 앞 쪽이나, 목적어의 뒤쪽, 즉 문장이 다 끝난 자리에 들어 와야 합니다. 또한 전치사구에서 전치사와 목적어 사이에도 부사는 위치할 수 없다는 것도 중요하겠죠?

그러면 부사가 문장의 여러 요소를 꾸밀 때의 일반적인 자리들을 살펴 보도록 하겠습니다.

Adjectives를 꾸밀 때      Adverb  +  Adjectives  (+ enough)

Adverb   + Participles ( V-ing / V-ed )

Verb 를 꾸밀 때          Adverb ^FREQ  +  Vi   + Adverb

Aux + Adverb ^FREQ + Verb  + Adverb

Be  + Adverb

Adverb + Vt  + Object + Adverb

(Adverb + Vt  + Adverb + Long Object + Adverb)

다른 Adverb를 꾸밀 때    Modifying Adverb + Modified Adverb

Adverb  + preposition + Object  + Adverb

Adverb  + ADV clause marker + Subject + Verb

Adverb  + to (Adverb) – Verb + Adverb

Quantifiers 를 꾸밀 때     Adverb ^DEGREE + Quantifier

이 자리들은 매우 중요하니까 꼭 익혀 두어야 겠습니다.

Pattern Exercise

1.  In his book The Natural History of Selbourne(1786), the nature Gilbert White tells how he surreptitously removed one egg a day from a plover’s nest, and how the mother laid another egg each day to make up for the missing one.

2.  In many ways, the Bessemer process was responsibility for the rapid industrialization of the <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />United States that took place in the formative period of the late 1800s

3.  In the early days of the factory system, people thought that the government had no right to interfere with business, and so no one forced the factory owners to treat their workers fair.

4.  Between 1870 and 1922, Italian Jews were unique in Europe in finding no discrimination at all in the social and politics life of the country, but things changed under Fascism.

5.  The number of physical phenomena amenable to scientific explanation increases with each passing decade, whereas our scientific knowledge of human conduct remains relatively insignificantly.

6.  Much of Mark Twain’s writing was flippant and bitterly satire designed to conform to the accepted standards of the time.

7.  The story of Eleanor Roosevelt’s struggle for independence is far better known now than it was during her lifetime, thanks large to the television programs based upon the books of Josheph P. Lash.

8.  The reason that Thomas Jefferson did not give many formal parties was part that there was no First Lady and also that he liked to live in a simple fashion.

9.  The aviation industry is a high technology-intensive one with its products having more added value that any other industrial product. 

10.                  The explosive growth of world-population has not been caused by a suddenly increase in human fertility, and probably owes little in any part of the world to an increase in birth-rate. 

Lexical Noun

명사의 자리는 당연히 격(Case)가 있는 곳이 되겠죠?

당연히  Subject Position :  Noun  + Verb

        Object position   :   V3   + Noun

                             V4    + Noun1  + Noun2   (Noun1 =/= Noun 2)

                             V5    + Noun  + Complement (Adjective or noun )

                             Preposition  +  Noun

Complement position :  V2   +  Noun  ( Subject = Noun )

V5    + Noun1  + Noun2   (Noun 1 = Noun 2 )

이러한 자리가 명사의 자리가 됩니다.

Lexical Verb

동사의 자리는 물론 문장의 동사의 자리와 to부정사에서 to의 뒷자리에 lexical Verb가 위치 할 수 있습니다.

Pattern Exercise

11.                  One affect of gasoline rationing during the Second World War was to confine people at home, where they listened to the radio, played parlor games like checkers, and read books and magazines in unprecedented numbers.

12.                  Since the discovery of methods of culturing cells removed from the body of a higher animal or plant, many new facts about cell function and structure have been discovered by observing and photographing such cells under the microscopic.

13.                  The poet of Gwendolyn Brooks has been praised for deepening the significance of personal and social experiences so that these experiences become universal in their implication.

14.                  Discovered a mere one hundred fifty years ago and manufactured commercially just half that long, aluminum today ranking behind only iron and steel among metals serving mankind.

15.                  Several biologists suggest that the sarcoma cells in the body stimulate some of the healthy cells to manufacturing a substance which inhibits the malignant growth to some extent.

16.                  Throughout the history of live, there have been many major upheavals in which whole groups of animals were replaced by others.

17.                  D. W. Griffith, the motion-picture direction, has become famous in film history for his technical innovations, but many of his artistic achievements have been overlooked.

18.                  The biological sonar, or echolocation, of bats and a number of other animals is one of nature’s great ingenuous .

19.                  One of history’s most spectacular executions was that of Damiens, the unsuccessful assassination of Louis XV, in Paris in 1757.

20.                  The rapid accepting of computed tomography is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks of conventional x-ray technology.