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1. Cottonwood trees, which proliferate along the banks of streams and rivers, get their name from the _______________ cotton-like seeds they release in spring.

① ragged   

② stiff    

③ sheer  

④ fluffy  

⑤ imminent

2. Most ordinary color films are designed for use in natural sunlight; therefore, when taking pictures indoors, under fluorescent lighting, a filter should be used to _______________ the difference between the two types of light.

① delete   

② correct 

③ confine 

④ deject  

⑤ allege

3. The Hy-car is powered by hydrogen fuel cell, a technology that was used in the lunar lander and one that more automakers are trying to ______________ for cars.

① abolish  

② adapt   

③ defy    

④ migrate 

⑤ mitigate

4. Does education have costs? Yes. Higher tax rates. More expensive school buildings and computer hardware in the classroom. All good things involve costs, but those costs ________________________ the achieved benefits.

① excel             

② are useless to

③ are outweighed by   

④ are more expensive than  

⑤ are more important than

5. The male role featuring in today's soap operas and movies makes Salzman's theory seem to be all the more _______________, providing anecdotal evidence that the shift is indeed underway.

① optimal 

② irrevocable 

③ aloof 

④ plausible 

⑤ drowsy

6. After years of rapidly increasing car sales in Beijing, the local government is investing billions of euros in infrastructure development from 3 new subway lines to a series of new ring roads and expressways to __________ congestion.

① aggravate 

② alleviate 

③ drench  

④ ignore  

⑤ acclaim

7. Closing the books, it indeed ran into red figures up to 20 billion won. Nobody describes it as a loss, however, since it created ___________ assets like enlarging the trading network with other countries by promoting the nation's image.

① intangible           

② aggressive 

③ poignant             

④ extravagant  

⑤ intricate

8. Through his writing, Shakespeare made his personal ___________ on the English language. Through his writing, Shakespeare brought almost 2,000 words into common usage, including such words as critical, majestic, and dwindle. He also ____________ such common phrases as "flesh and blood" and "vanish into thin air," which are still used to this day.

① impact - coined       

② segment - invented 

③ scrutiny - curtailed     

④ ambience - conveyed

⑤ influence - impeded

   First there was Enron, then Worldcom, Ahold, Parmalat; a lengthening roll call of scandals seemed to confirm the view that modern companies only care about pumping up their profit, by fair means or foul, and never mind the social consequences. Then came the South Asian tsunami and, in response, an outpouring of corporate giving the likes of which had never been seen, at least on a global scale. Businesses have donated hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of aid, a significant part of the more than $3 billion pledged by governments, the private sector and individual donors. Precise figures are not available as aid continues to flow in. The overall size of the response may owe something to the timing of the disaster, on the day after Christmas, and the fact that many Westerners were affected. But the extent of the corporate giving also reflects the rise of themes like "corporate social responsibility" and "corporate citizenship" on the priority lists of many chief executives and boards, experts say.

9. The author mentions the increase of issues like "corporate social responsibility" and "corporate citizenship" in order to

① highlight the seriousness of the recent disaster in South 

    Asia.

② explain why exact figures of donation for tsunami can not

    be calculated.

③ explain why modern companies makes every effort to

    increase their profit.

④ describe current issues regarding large corporations'

    responsibilities in society. 

⑤ explain a reason for the donation of modern companies for

    the recent misfortune.

10. In this context, the underlined word "pledged" most nearly means

① intended             

② owned

③ insisted             

④ promised

⑤ provided

   Callahan found himself 450 miles from land with only the few supplies he had been able to drag aboard the raft before his sailboat, the Napoleon Solo, finally went down. What Callahan didn't know was that he was about to set a record for surviving in a rubber raft for 76 days. There was an emergency bag on the raft. Callahan had six pints of water, two paddles, and two solar stills that could turn moisture from the air into drinkable water. He had a first-aid kit, a flashlight, a raft-patching kit, 50 feet of twine and a hook to use for fishing, and a speargun. Callahan had a few other assorted tools and a bit of food: 10 ounces of peanuts, 16 ounces of baked beans, 10 ounces of corned beef, and 10 ounces of raisins. It was not enough, but it was all he had. He was always hungry. The little food he had was gone. The water situation was even more critical. Callahan ripped apart one still and used it to fix the other. He watched with delight as pure water dripped into the bag. Finally, Callahan had hope. He had water. He could live at least 20 more days, even if he never found a way to catch fish or find food. Now, Callahan's major problem was sharks. He feared their rows of sharp teeth and their rough, sandpaper-like skin, which could tear a raft.

11. The passage above is a beginning part of true adventure. From this passage, what would be the main idea of the whole article? 

① Callhan was unprepared for his trip.

② Humans do not belong on the seas.

③ Callahan was a hero that many people admired.

④ Callahan found ways to survive in a very difficult

    situation.

⑤ When you are on a trip, you need to have an emergency

    bag.

12. The underlined word "Finally" in the passage serves primarily to signal that

① the situation will soon change.

② Callhan will soon run out of water.

③ something scary will happen to Callahan.

④ Callahan's adventure will end soon.

⑤ Callahan will experience his 76-day ordeal.

        The vast distances that separate stars and make them so hard to observe are awkward to express in ordinary units. Astronomers use units appropriate to these distances. The easiest to understand is the light-year (abbreviated ly), the distance light travels in 1 year, which is about 6 million million miles, or 10¹⁶ meters. You can calculate this easily by recalling that the speed of light is 300,000 kilometers per second. A light-year is just the speed of light times the number of seconds in a year, or ___________________________. Notice that a light-year is not a metric unit; metric units were designed for terrestrial use and astronomers often use units that are better suited to the scale of the cosmos.

        Remember that the light-year is a unit of distance, not time. The common mistake of using light-year as if it were a unit of time is like saying that the ball game lasted for 2 miles. On the Earth, light travels so fast that it appears to arrive instantaneously. On the Earth, light travels so fast that it is difficult to measure its speed. Over the vast reaches of space, however, light takes a substantial time to travel from one star to another. The nearest star beyond the Sun, Proxima Centauri (which is in orbit around Alpha Centauri), is about 4.3 light-years away. The Sun is 8 light-minutes away from Earth. The North Star, Polaris, is about 650 light-years away. Polaris’ light takes about 650 years to reach us, so we are seeing it now as it was in the 1300s! If Polaris had suddenly exploded in 1950, we would not know it until about A.D. 2600.

        Astronomers more commonly use a still larger unit of distance called the parsec (abbreviated pc). You should remember that a parsec is about 3¼ light-years; the exact conversion is 1 parsec = 3.26 light-years. In metric units, 1 parsec = 3×10¹⁶ meters. The term parsec refers to the fundamental way that astronomers measure distance by geometry. A parsec is the distance that produces a parallax shift of 1 arc second. The parallax of a star is the angle at the star that is subtended by the mean distance between the earth and the sun. Astronomers use the parsec and its multiples — kiloparsecs = 10³ pc; megaparsecs = 10⁶ pc — to express cosmic distances as they move to more remote parts of the universe. You can convert parsecs to light-years roughly by multiplying by 3. Another convenient fact to remember is that near the Sun, stars are roughly a parsec apart. For instance, Alpha and Proxima Centauri, the closest stars to the solar system, are about 1.3 parsecs away.

        It is possible to get a true sense of the scale of space. A parsec is 40 million times the diameter of the Sun. Even though the stars can appear close to each other in the night sky, this is an illusion of projection. In space, stars are separated by distances millions of times their sizes. (In a similar way, if you viewed a region of sparsely planted trees from the side, they would appear to be closely spaced. Only when viewed from above would the sparseness be obvious.) A parsec is also about 200,000 A.U., or 2500 times the diameter of the solar system. If we assume that other stars have planets too, then the full extent of these star systems fills only about 1/2500³, or less than a ten billionth, of the volume of space. Space is fantastically empty.

13. In line 2, the underlined word "awkward" most nearly means

① redundant

② bashful

③ absurd

④ embarrassing

⑤ obsequious

14. In paragraph 1, the author explains the concept of light year. The mathematical formula in the blank will be expressed as

① 10¹⁶ m × 365

② 10¹⁶ m × (3600 × 24 × 365)

③ 300,000 km × 365

④ 300,000 km × (60 × 24 × 365)

⑤ 300,000 km × (60 × 60 × 24 × 365)

15. The example of a ball game in paragraph 2 illustrates the senselessness of people's misconception arising from the fact that

① the term