[1-5] 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 적절한 표현을 고르시오.

1. Along with its sister science, anatomy, physiology forms the __________ backbone of all life sciences.

① fundamental ② inevitable ③ perilous ④ superficial

2. As many as 50% of crimes such as robbery, rape, and other sexual assaults are committed by people showing alcohol intoxication, indicating that it diminishes social _________.

① temptation ② disturbance ③ expansion ④ restraint

3. During a long distance run, the runner requires a great deal of energy to ____ herself.

① decorate    ② sustain   ③ reveal   ④ assert

4. Osteoporosis is a disease caused by excessive bone loss over time, leading to _____, easily broken bones.

① brittle   ② stout   ③ versatile   ④ defiant

5. In the early years after the Korean War, there were few indications that South Korea would _______ as a major economic force on the Pacific Rim and indeed, on the world stage.

① settle   ② perish   ③ emerge   ④ convene

[6-10] 밑줄 친 단어와 뜻이 가장 가까운 표현을 고르시오.

6. I don't know what kind of solace the man was looking for in the place.

① solution   ② comfort   ③ luck   ④ possibility

7. He spent most of the night poring over scientific journals from Europe.

① searching for         ② studying carefully

③ criticizing intensely    ④ gathering eagerly

8. The testimony made him feel alleviated from some sense of guilt.

① increased  ② reduced  ③ counteracted  ④ terminated

9. In order to get ahead in the group, you need to successfully fulfill some mandatory requirements.

① urgent  ② significant  ③ obligatory  ④ notable

10. He bought the product at an implausible price, but knew there was something more to the story.

① improper           ② unbelievable

③ particular           ④ competitive

[11-15] 빈칸에 들어갈 문법적으로 가장 적절한 표현을 고르시오.

11. In the humoral healing system, food and drugs have different effects on the body and __________ as either "heating" or "cooling".

① classified           ② is classified

③ are classified       ④ to be classified

12. The biological kinship is so pervasive in the United States that the legal process of adoption attempts to construct the adoptive relationship ____________ like a biological one as possible.

① is much as         ② are as much

③ to be much as      ④ to be as much

13. It was their belief that Jesus Christ had been raised from the dead _________ his first followers of his unique status.

① convinced         ② was convinced of

③ that convinced     ④ that was convinced of

14. There is no universally agreed definition of 'modernity', for the concept is a contested one. ______________ agreement about when modernity or the modern world began.

① Neither there is      ② Neither is there

③ There is neither      ④ There neither is

15. There are several items in a newspaper _____ stylistic identity is conditioned by the medium of expression.

① which    ② that    ③ whose    ④ what

[16-20] 다음 각 문장에서 문법적으로 잘못된 부분을 고르시오.

16. One day, ① when things were quiet, Jim carefully 

  ② crept into the kitchen, found a sharp steak knife and carved his name ③ in large letters into the back of one of our good ④ chair.

17. ① Governed by Ecuador, the Galapagos archipelago 

  ② consists of thirteen major islands, six minor islands and ③ some forty rock formations and reefs ④ straddled the equator in the Pacific Ocean.

18. One problem advertisers have when they try to convince you ① that the product they are pushing is really different from ② other similar products ③ are that their claims are ④ subject to some laws.

19. Only when the man exclaimed ① what the story was not ② about a real situation, ③ did the people there realize that they ④ had been tricked.

20. Two years later, he was totally broke and ① charged with murder, ② after his life ③ has changed when he lost his fortune on drugs and ④ a divorce.

[21-28] 문맥의 흐름상 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 적절한 표현을 고르시오.

21. Broad distinctions exist between the most prevalent afflictions of the richer, more industrial nations and the poorer, less industrial nations. In the former, the major categories of death include circulatory diseases, cancers, alcohol consumption, and tobacco consumption. For developing countries, a different profile appears: tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS. Substantial empirical evidence says poverty is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in both industrial and developing countries. However, ______________ by causing extreme malnutrition in Chad or Nepal but high death rates from street violence among the poor of affluent nations.

① it should be overcome gradually

② it turns out to be a trivial cause

③ it may be manifested in different ways

④ it triggers social inequality in both cases

22. Throughout the developing world, rates of childhood malnutrition are inversely related to income. As income increases, calorie intake as a percent of recommended daily allowances also increases. Thus, increasing the income levels of the poor may be the most direct way to influence health and nutrition. ______________, many health and nutrition programs around the world have been focused on treating the outcomes of poverty rather than its causes.

① In parallel with the trend mentioned above

② Instead of staying away from the income issue

③ In response to this direct approach to the issue

④ In contrast to this seemingly logical approach

23. Medical training involves a lengthy process of "cognitive retrogression" in which the students go through an intellectual hazing process. During the first two years of medical school, most courses are basic sciences; learning tends to be rote, and vast quantities of material must be memorized. The sheer bulk of the memorization required ___________________. This mental overload socializes students into a uniform pattern, giving them a kind of "tunnel vision" in which the knowledge of medicine assumes supreme importance.

① forces students to adopt an uncritical approach to it

② leads students to develop a unique method of learning

③ makes students become selective about their choice of major

④ enables students to cultivate effective critical thinking skills

24. Among a group of Inuit living in northern Alaska, the word for kin literally means "addition." In their kinship system, the kin of anyone considered kin are also one's kin. Thus, the network of people who feel related to each other is extensive. These people define kin as people who act like kin. Thus, if a person ceases to act like a kinsperson, he or she stops being a kinsperson. So, you might often hear an Inuit comment that _______________.

① someone used to be his or her cousin

② someone is temporarily living with them

③ they have one and the only kinsperson

④ they do not have any cousin or nephew

25. In Brazil, in order to enter a university, one must take an exam called the "vestibular." One's entrance to the university is based solely on his or her performance on this exam. Highschool grades and extracurricular activities are not important. _________, there tends to be a lax attitude toward school work in high school.

① Thus              ② However

③ Moreover           ④ Nevertheless

26. As a responsible citizen and a consumer of health care, you need to be able to understand and evaluate the newest information as it becomes avaliable. Books can be one source of information because they generally include the very latest, most accurate information. _________, the danger in presenting only the facts as we now know them is that it may lead you to lose sight of the fact that our knowledge continues to change even today. We must use historical examples to reinforce how our knowledge has changed over time, so that you will become comfortable with the notion that knowledge constantly evolves.

① Therefore  ② However  ③ Moreover  ④ Likewise

27. By the middle of the nineteenth century, anatomists performed ablation (surgical removal) experiments in an attempt to understand the brain's function. Among the first were studies in which they removed small parts of the brain from hens. Depending on which part of the brain was surgically removed, they observed a different deficit. Removing parts of the lower brain interrupted normal respiration. If parts of the outermost brain were ablated, the hen lost instincts, meaning it would no longer eat or perform other normal activities. These types of crude studies clearly indicated that _____________________.

① the brain initiates movement that makes us uniquely human

② the brain is the most resistant to scientific investigation

③ different areas of the brain serve specific functions

④ stimulation of a specific brain area leads to a particular effect

28. Human beings are habitually trained by upbringing, and everything they learn from their surroundings agrees that one must fight for one and against the other of any number of opposites. This applies not only to material issues but even more to concepts. Every truth can thus be divided into two opposites, one being adhered to as the "right" and the opposite aspect being declared the "wrong" idea. In reality, however, the two ____________. On the unified plane, neither aspect is thinkable without the other.

① are not easily discernible

② complement each other

③ are inherently contradictory

④ go for the same direction

[29-30] 다음 글을 읽고 주어진 질문에 답하시오.

Among the Kaliai, fathers are said to be related to their children by descent, while mothers are related to them through breastfeeding. Sharing-based kinship is common throughout much of Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Australia. On an island of Malaysia, the process ㉮of/to developing sharing-based relatedness starts in the womb and continues throughout a person's life. The first food sharing is when the fetus is fed by the mother's blood. After birth, the infant is fed from its mother's breast. Breast milk is believed to derive  ㉯as/from the mother's blood and thus "blood becomes milk." This tie is crucial. A child who is not breastfed will not "recognize" its mother. After the baby is weaned, its most important food is cooked rice. Sharing cooked rice, ㉰as/like breast milk, becomes another way the kinship ties are created and maintained, especially between mothers and children. Men are often away - on fishing trips, or at a mosque - and so they are less likely to have these rice-sharing bonds.

29. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

① Where to Find Life-long Kinship.

② Kinship Based on Food-sharing.

③ Development of Kinship Terminology

④ Breastfeeding and Kinship.

30. 빈칸 ㉮와 ㉯와 ㉰에 들어갈 것을 고르시오.

① of - as - as        ② to - as - like

③ of - from - like     ④ to - from - as

[31-32] 다음 글을 읽고 주어진 질문에 답하시오.

Many eccentrics are nonconformists, people who are unconcerned about meeting the rest of the world's expectations. Nor are they worried about others who make fun of them for their eccentricities. They are more likely to feel sorry for the other person and think that he or she is the one with the problem. Often with a keen curiosity, an active imagination and a sense of idealism, an eccentric may spend time making the world a better place. As they are often intelligent and opinionated, they like to share new ideas. Sometimes their ideas are quite sound, but perhaps ahead of their time; in other cases, they hold fast to ideas that are ridiculous or exhibit oddities. Many eccentrics have had unusual attitudes towards clothing, often not caring what they wear or, sometimes, whether they wear clothes at all. Often this has resulted in their being mistreated as thieves or peasants--sometimes by their own servants.

31. 밑줄 친 hold fast to 와 가장 가까운 뜻을 가진 것을 고르시오.

① reject    ② devise    ③ gather    ④ cherish

32. 윗글의 내용에 비추어